Deep DiveJanuary 1, 2026
Venezuela's $150-$170bn Debt Stack: Who Owns What
Mapping the creditor universe from hedge funds to China, and their competing claims on Venezuelan assets.
Venezuela's external liabilities are now widely estimated at roughly $150-$170bn, versus an IMF-estimated ~$82.8bn nominal GDP in 2025, implying ~180-200% debt-to-GDP. That headline number matters less than the stack architecture: who sits where, what they can enforce, what they can block, and what must clear sanctions gates before any paper is even exchanged.